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Sergei P. Korolev: The Path Of Space Genius

In this era of intensive space conquest, many are curious about who stood at its origins and to whom we owe today’s achievements. We will tell you the fascinating and tragic story of Sergei Pavlovich Korolev, a talented scientist and designer who created ballistic missiles, launch vehicles, the first manned spacecraft, and the first artificial Earth satellite.

Sergei Korolev: early years

Sergei Korolev was born on January 12, 1907, in the city of Zhytomyr in Volyn province of the Russian Empire, to a family of teachers — Pavel Korolyov and Maria Moskalenko. He spent his childhood in Zhytomyr and Kyiv, as well as in Nizhyn with his grandparents, where his parents brought the boy after their divorce. In his grandparents’ merchant family, Korolyov obtained a good upbringing and broad education. One day in the summer of 1911, young Sergei saw how pilot Sergei Utochkin flew an airplane, which had previously been delivered to the city by train, from the Nizhyn fairground. This event definitely left an indelible mark on the boy’

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Sergei P. Korolev (1906-1966)

Sergei P. Korolev (1906-1966) was trained in aeronautical engineering at the Kiev Polytechnic Institute and, after receiving a secondary education, co-founded the Moscow rocketry organization GIRD (Gruppa Isutcheniya Reaktivnovo Dvisheniya, Group for Investigation of Reactive Motion). Like the VfR (Verein fuer Raumschiiffahrt, Society for Spaceship Travel) in Germany, and Robert H. Goddard in the United States, the Russian organizations were by the early 1930s testing liquid-fueled rockets of increasing size. In Russia, GIRD lasted only two years before the military, seeing the potential of rockets, replaced it with the RNII (Reaction Propulsion Scientific Research Institute). RNII developed a series of rocket-propelled missiles and gliders during the 1930s, culminating in Korolev's RP-318, Russia's first rocket propelled aircraft. Before the aircraft could make a rocket propelled flight, however, Korolev and other aerospace engineers were thrown into the Soviet prison system in 1937-1938 during the peak of Stalin's purges. Korolev at first sp

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Source: James J. Harford, "Korolev's Triple Play: Sputniks 1, 2, and 3," adapted from James J. Harford, Korolev: How One Man Masterminded the Soviet Drive to Beat America to the Moon (John Wiley: New York, 1997).

Abstract

The paper deals with the politics, planning and technology of the period 1946-1958, spanning the development of the R-7 ICBM technology which made possible the launching of an artificial satellite; the strategy used by Sergei Pavlovich Korolev, with the support of Mystislav Keldysh, in bringing the satellite from conceptualization by Mikhail Tikhonravov to actuality; the early work on Sputnik 3, which was planned to be Sputnik 1; the hurried development of Sputnik 1 when Sputnik 3 was not ready; the even more hurried development of Sputnik 2 (the Laika carrier) at Khrushchev's behest; the actual launches; the failure to map the radiation belts; the casual reaction, at first, by Kremlin officialdom to Sputnik 1's success; and then the quick switch to braggadocio when the world impact was realized. ¹

Initial Soviet Reaction to Sputnik 1 Launch

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